阙怎么读，脂怎么读

通假字是古代汉语中很常见的一种文言用字现象。“通假”就是“通用、假借”的意思。凡两个读音相同或者相近、意义也相同的词，古代可以写这个，也可以写那个，叫做通用。例如“反”同“返”。 凡两个读音相同或者相近而意义毫不相干的词，古代可以借代，叫做假借。例如借用要求的“要”字来代替邀请的“邀”。例中的“反”字“要”字，统称为通假字；被替代的“返”字“邀”字，叫做本字或正字。用我们今天的话来说，通假字就是别字，其读音应按本字的音来读。熟悉文言文中常见的通假字，避免望文生义，有助于提高文言文的阅读水平。为此，笔者把七——九年级统编教材中的通假字依序汇总如下，以便同学们记背。

七年级（上册：4个）

例句···························通假字·············本字········意义······················出·············处

尊君在不·····················不（fǒu）··········否·········表疑问，吗···········《陈太丘与友期行》

不亦说乎····················说（yuè）···········悦·········愉快、高兴················《论语·学而》

吾十有五而志于学········有（yòu）···········又·······来连接整数和零数·····《论语·为证》

其人舍然大喜/··············舍（shì）···········释·········解除、消除··········《杞人忧天》

晓之者亦舍然大喜·········舍（shì）···········释··········解除、消除············杞人忧天》

注：《杞人忧天》：“亡处亡气、亡处亡块”的”亡“，教材注解读（wú），无，没有。《愚公移山》中的“河曲智叟亡以应“中的”亡“，也读（wú），无，没有。

七年级（下册：3个）

例句····················· ·····通假字···········本字···········释义··················出·········处

对镜帖花黄··················帖（tiē ）········贴·············粘贴·············《木兰诗》

但手熟尔/惟手熟尔·········尔（ěr）·········耳·····

········罢了·············《卖油翁》

徐以杓酌油沥之·············杓（sháo）······勺··········舀东西的器具····《卖油翁》

注：《孙权劝学》：“孤岂欲卿治经为博士耶”的“邪”，教材注解：（yé）语气词，后写作“耶”。 《马说》中的“其真无马邪”的“邪‘’也读（yé）语气词。

”八年级（上册：13个）

例句·······················通假字·· ······本字·····释义···········出········处

两岸连山，略无阙处···阙（quē）··· ·缺·······空隙、缺口······《三峡》

窥谷忘反··················反（fǎn）····· 返·······返回·······《与朱元思书》

蝉则千转不穷············转（zhuàn）··啭·······鸟鸣，这里指蝉鸣··《同上》

亲戚畔之··················畔（pàn）·····叛·······背叛·《得道多助，失道寡助》

往之女家··················女（rǔ）·······汝········你·········《富贵不能淫》

曾益其所不能············曾（zēnɡ）····增·········增加··《生于忧患，死于安乐》

衡于虑·····················衡（hénɡ）····横·········梗塞、不顺····《同上》

入则无法家拂士·········拂（bì）···· ···弼··········辅佐··········《同上》

寒暑易节，始一反焉···反（fǎn）······返··········往返 ·······《愚公移山》

甚矣，汝之不惠·········惠（huì）···· ·慧··········聪明········《愚公移山》

无陇断焉··················陇（lǒnɡ）·····垄··········高地········《愚公移山》

军士吏被甲···············被（pī）········披············穿着········《周亚夫军细柳》

改容式车··········式（shì）··轼··车前横木。这里作动词，指扶轼··《同上》

八年级（下册：16个，其中3个教材先已注明是通假字）

例句···························通假字····· 本字·····释义·············出··处

便要还家·····················要（yāo）··邀·······邀请··········《桃花源记》

诎右臂支船··················诎（qū）····屈·······弯曲············《刻舟记》

左手倚一衡木················衡（hénɡ）·横······横着，跟“竖”相对 《刻舟记》

为字共三十有四·············有（yòu）···又····用来连接整数和零数··《刻舟记》

北冥有鱼······················冥（mínɡ）··溟······海··········《北冥有鱼》

学学半·························学（xiào）····敩······教导·········《虽有嘉肴》

选贤与能······················与（jǔ）·······举·······推举·······《大道之行也》

矜、寡、孤、独、废··································································

疾者皆有所养················矜（ɡuān）····鳏······老而无妻····《大道之行也》

祗辱于奴隶人之手··········祗（zhǐ）·······只······只，仅··········《马说》

食马者不知其能千里而食也··食（sì）·····饲·······喂··············《马说》

食之不能尽其材··············材（cái）·······才······才能·············《马说》

才美不外见····················见（xiàn）······现······表现·············《马说》

何时眼前突兀见此屋·······见（xiàn）·············现······出现·《茅屋为秋风所破歌》

系上牛头充炭直·············直（zhí）·············值········价钱······（《卖炭翁》）

注：《愚公移山》“一厝朔东，一厝雍南”的“厝”不再是通假字，教材注解解为“厝：放置、安放”

补释： “《兑命》‘学学半’”出自《尚书·说（yuè）命下》。《尚书》中的《说命》分上、中、下三篇，记录的全是关于傅说（yuè）的命辞或讲话。据此，有人认为“兑”（yuè），同“说”，指殷商时的贤相傅说。教材没把“兑”列入通假字。

九年级（上册：2个）

例句············ ····通假字······本字········释义·····出········处

百废具兴············具（zhǔ）··俱········全、皆···《岳阳楼记》

嘱予作文以记之···属（jù）·····嘱·········嘱托····《岳阳楼记》

九年级（下册：21，其中5个，教材未注明是通假字）

例句··························通假字···· 本字·····释义·······出······处

故患有所不辟也···········辟（bì）··· 避······躲避···《鱼我所欲也》

万钟则不辩礼义而受之··辩（biàn）··辨······辨别··《鱼我所欲也》

所识穷乏者得我与········得（dé）····德····· 感恩、感激··《同上》

所识穷乏者得我与········与（yú）·····欤·····语气助词，吗··《同上》

乡为身死而不受···········乡（xiànɡ）··向·····从前、先前····《同上》

秦王不说····················说（yuè）····悦·····高兴··《唐雎不辱使命》

故不错意也·················错（cuò）····措·····安放、安置··《同上》

轻寡人与····················与（yú）······欤·····语气助词，吗··《同上》

仓鹰击于殿上···············仓（cānɡ）···苍······青色· 《唐雎不辱使命》

四支僵劲不能动·············支（zhī）····肢······肢体···《送东阳马生序》

同舍生皆被绮绣·············被（pī）······披······穿着···《送东阳马生序》

与之论辨······················辨（biàn）···辩······辩驳····《送东阳马生序》

孰视之，自以为不如·······孰（shú）····熟······仔细·《 邹忌忌讽齐王纳谏》

发闾左適戍渔阳·············適（zhé）····谪······谪迁、谪发··《陈涉世家》

为天下唱······················唱（chànɡ）··倡······倡导、发起··《陈涉世家》

卜者知其指意·················指（zhǐ）·····旨·······意图·、意思·《陈涉世家》

固以怪之矣····················以（yǐ ）·······已······已经···········《陈涉世家》

将军身被坚执锐···············被（pī）······披······披戴、穿··········《陈涉世家》

苟富贵，无相忘···············无（wú）·····毋······不要···········《陈涉世家》

必能裨补阙漏··················阙（què）····缺·······缺失·······《出师表》

尔来二十有一年矣············有（yòu）····又····用于整数和零数之间··《出师表》